It also permits continuation of operating microscope procedures that might otherwise be interrupted by problems precluding transpupillary ophthalmoscopy. Endoscopy permits surgery for vitreoretinal disorders that are difficult or impossible to observe with transpupillary imaging because of their anatomic location or ocular media problems. Microendoscopic ophthalmoscopy is a parallel technology that offers non-stereoscopic, video-monitor-based, ultra-high-magnification or panoramic intraocular imaging. Operating microscope ophthalmoscopy provides stereoscopic, high resolution, widefield extraocular imaging for vitreoretinal surgery. Continuing clinical and technological innovation will help integrate it into the modern ophthalmic operating room of interconnected surgical microscopy, microendoscopy, vitrectomy machine and heads-up display instrumentation. Microendoscopy is a robust platform for vitreoretinal surgery. Microendoscopy’s range of applications will continue to grow with technological developments that include video microchip sensors, stereoscopic visualization, chromovitrectomy, digital image enhancement and operating room heads-up displays. It has a growing spectrum of surgical uses that include the management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and epiretinal membranes as well as the implantation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses and electrode arrays for intraretinal stimulation in retinitis pigmentosa. Endoscopic surgery is particularly useful when ocular media opacities or small pupils restrict or prevent transpupillary ophthalmoscopy. Microendoscopy’s ultra-high magnification video monitor images can reveal microscopic tissue details blurred partly by ocular media aberrations in contemporary surgical microscope ophthalmoscopy, thereby providing a lower resolution, invasive alternative to confocal fundus imaging. Coaxial endoscopic illumination can highlight delicate vitreoretinal structures difficult to image in chandelier or endoilluminator diffuse, side-scattered lighting. Fiberoptic coherent image guides offer surgical maneuverability but reduce imaging resolution. Gradient index and Hopkins rod lenses provide high resolution ophthalmoscopy but restrict surgical manipulation. Transfer of the fine detail in endoscopic vitreoretinal images to extraocular video cameras is constrained currently by the caliber limitations of intraocular probes in ophthalmic surgery. Evolving instrumentation may overcome some limitations of current endoscopic technology. Microendoscopic imaging permits vitreoretinal surgery for tissues that are not visible using operating microscopy ophthalmoscopy. To analyze endoscopic vitreoretinal surgery principles, applications, challenges and potential technological advances.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |